Kodi PCR Ndi Chiyani Ndipo Ndi Yofunika Chifukwa Chiyani?

PCR, kapena polymerase chain reaction, ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa masanjidwe a DNA.Idapangidwa koyamba mu 1980s ndi Kary Mullis, yemwe adalandira Mphotho ya Nobel mu Chemistry mu 1993 chifukwa cha ntchito yake.PCR yasintha kwambiri biology ya mamolekyulu, kupangitsa ofufuza kukulitsa DNA kuchokera ku zitsanzo zazing'ono ndikuwerenga mwatsatanetsatane.

PCR ndi njira zitatu zomwe zimachitika mu makina otenthetsera, makina omwe amatha kusintha kutentha kwa kusakaniza komwe kumachitika.Masitepe atatu ndi denaturation, annealing, ndi kuwonjezera.
 
Mu sitepe yoyamba, denaturation, DNA ya zingwe ziwiri imatenthedwa kutentha kwakukulu (nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 95 ° C) kuti ithyole zomangira za haidrojeni zomwe zimagwirizanitsa zingwe ziwirizo.Izi zimabweretsa mamolekyu awiri a DNA a chingwe chimodzi.
 
Mu sitepe yachiwiri, annealing, kutentha kumatsitsidwa kuzungulira 55 ° C kulola zoyambira kuti zigwirizane ndi kutsatizana kowonjezera pa DNA ya chingwe chimodzi.Zoyambira ndi tiziduswa tating'ono ta DNA topangidwa kuti tigwirizane ndi kutsata kwa chidwi pa DNA yomwe mukufuna.
 
Mu gawo lachitatu, kukulitsa, kutentha kumakwera mpaka 72 ° C kulola Taq polymerase (mtundu wa DNA polymerase) kupanga chingwe chatsopano cha DNA kuchokera ku zoyambira.Taq polymerase imachokera ku bakiteriya yomwe imakhala ku akasupe otentha ndipo imatha kupirira kutentha komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mu PCR.

Pambuyo pa kuzungulira kumodzi kwa PCR, zotsatira zake zimakhala makope awiri a DNA yomwe mukufuna.Mwa kubwereza masitepe atatu pazigawo zingapo (kawirikawiri 30-40), chiwerengero cha makope a ndondomeko ya DNA chandamale chikhoza kuwonjezereka mowonjezereka.Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale pang'ono poyambira DNA imatha kukulitsidwa kuti ipange makope mamiliyoni kapena mabiliyoni.

 
PCR ili ndi ntchito zambiri pakufufuza ndi kuzindikira.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza momwe majini amagwirira ntchito ndi masinthidwe, m'masayansi azamalamulo kusanthula umboni wa DNA, pakuzindikira matenda opatsirana kuti azindikire kukhalapo kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komanso pozindikira matenda a mwana asanabadwe kuti aone ngati ali ndi vuto la majini m'mimba.
 
PCR yasinthidwanso kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito m'mitundu ingapo, monga kuchuluka kwa PCR (qPCR), yomwe imalola kuti kuchuluka kwa DNA kuyesedwe ndikubwezeretsanso PCR (RT-PCR), yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukulitsa kutsata kwa RNA.

Ngakhale ili ndi ntchito zambiri, PCR ili ndi malire.Zimafunika kudziwa momwe chandamale imayendera komanso kapangidwe kake koyambira koyenera, ndipo imatha kulakwitsa ngati zomwe zikuchitika sizikukonzedwa bwino.Komabe, poyeserera mozama ndi kupha, PCR ikadali imodzi mwazida zamphamvu kwambiri mu biology yama cell.